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Tenk deg å skulle forklare hva en tro eller betydningen av en setning egentlig er. Vi bruker disse tingene hele tiden—når vi sier «jeg tror det blir regn», eller når vi forstår en spøk—men de viser seg å være overraskende vanskelige for vitenskapen å gripe. Selv enkle ideer kan lure teoriene våre. To setninger kan alltid være sanne i de samme situasjonene, men likevel bety helt forskjellige ting. Og når vi prøver å modellere disse forskjellene, støter vi ofte på paradokser.

Dette prosjektet henter inn en overraskende helt fra dype lag av matematikken: en teknikk som kalles forcing. Forcing lar matematikere bygge nye “virtuelle” verdener for å utforske hva som kan være sant eller falskt i dem. Det har forandret vår forståelse av uendelighet og grunnlaget for matematikken. Men det har aldri blitt brukt til å forstå betydning—før nå.

Prosjektets hovedidé er denne: i stedet for å behandle utsagn som bare sanne eller falske, gir vi dem større spillerom. Vi lar sannhet komme i mange nyanser, slik at vi kan fange små, men viktige forskjeller i betydning, tro eller informasjon. Disse sannhetsnyansene bygges med kraftige matematiske verktøy som opprinnelig ble utviklet for å studere mengdenes univers.

Med denne tilnærmingen håper vi å skape et nytt og solid grunnlag for å studere betydning, tanke og informasjon—et grunnlag som unngår gamle paradokser og avslører nye sammenhenger. Prosjektet befinner seg i skjæringspunktet mellom filosofi, logikk og matematikk, og har som mål å åpne et nytt kapittel i forståelsen av ideene som former vår tenkning.

This project explores how powerful mathematical techniques can help us better understand complex ideas central to human thought, such as belief, meaning, knowledge, and information. These so-called intensional entities are crucial across philosophy, linguistics, psychology, and computer science—but traditional approaches often struggle to represent them precisely, especially when small differences in meaning matter.

To address this, the project applies a groundbreaking method from mathematical logic—known as forcing—to build a new, unified framework for modeling intensional entities. Originally developed to study different possible mathematical universes, forcing provides a highly flexible structure that we aim to adapt to philosophical and semantic questions. 

The main objectives are:

(1) to develop a robust semantic framework capable of capturing fine-grained distinctions in meaning,
(2) to apply this framework to longstanding problems involving belief, knowledge, and truth, and
(3) to investigate the broader philosophical implications of using these mathematical tools to understand thought and reasoning.

The project combines methods from logic, philosophy, and mathematics, and includes both theoretical development and conceptual analysis. A key challenge is ensuring that the framework remains expressive and precise without leading to paradoxes—a common issue in theories of meaning.  By uniting formal techniques with philosophical inquiry, the project aims to make a substantial contribution to foundational research, offering new tools and perspectives for logic, language, and cognition.

Intensionality and Forcing: A New Model-Theoretic Synthesis

RESIST will be the first research to redefine our current legal categories of citizenship and statehood in the extreme case of sea level rise submerging the whole territory of a state. The international community has no experience in managing the disappearance of whole territorial states as a result of environmental disruptions, nor has it designed international legal norms to account for such an eventuality. In this view, RESIST first examines a real-world case, namely the unique case study of Tuvalu, where recent constitutional amendments (2023) have innovated the notion of statehood in light of the impacts of climate change or other causes resulting in loss to its physical territory. More specifically, Tuvalu is the first State to introduce a novel definition of statehood in its Constitution that does not require physical territory as a necessary condition for being recognized as an independent state. Second, it shows the shortcomings of these current legal categories in tackling present and future challenges deriving from the climate crisis and climate-induced migration in particular.Third, it develops alternative and/or broader understandings of citizenship and statehood to better cope with these challenges.Finally,it formulates policy recommendations for how to address the challenge of climate-induced migration of whole states and states that lose a significant part of their territory in a fair manner. The main goal of RESIST is to equip democracies with new conceptual and legal instruments to prevent climate emergencies from being tackled in a way that violates basic human rights. Such a goal is achieved through the following methodology: literature review and legal mapping exercise conducted through the research desk over open-access documents, collection of further contributions through a Special Issue, and semi-structured interviews conducted during a secondment in Australia at the Australian National University College of Law and fieldwork in Tuvalu.

Democracies in the Climate Crisis: Redefining Citizenship and Statehood in Sinking States

To improve predictions of how plants may persist or disappear from ecosystems, we urgently need improved understanding of how climate change affects a critical and vulnerable plant life-history stage and transition–seeds and seed recruitment. Seed ecology is a growing discipline, yet it lacks some of the recent standardised methods and centralised resources of other plant sciences, such as the core databases and methodological handbooks that have spurred plant functional trait innovation since the early 2000s.  Alpine areas can provide a glimpse of our future under climate change because they are warming faster than global averages and because alpine ecosystems are temperature-limited and hence more vulnerable to warming. Long-term warming experiments demonstrate that this vulnerability can alter vegetation structure, which in turn may change vegetation function, particularly carbon cycling. To predict which plants will persist, we need better data and frameworks for understanding how seeds and seed recruitment in the alpine respond to warmer climates.  I will (1) publish a standardised handbook of core seed trait measurements, (2) collect new trait data from seed collections and harmonise existing datasets to form a publicly accessible alpine seed trait database, (3) establish a functional trait-based framework of seed ecology, and (4) experimentally test how seeds respond to warming as a demonstration of how these new resources can rapidly expand our understanding of climate change effects on seed ecology.

Using seed functional traits to understand and predict alpine plant responses to global climate change

Vi befinner oss midt i en global rettsstatskrise. Grunnleggende prinsipper for rettsstaten, som ofte tas for gitt i demokratiske land, blir i økende grad utfordret – og i noen grad forkastet. Dette gjelder ikke bare i fjerne autokratier, men også i europeiske demokratier. Dessverre vet vi lite om eventuell folkelig misnøye med, eller støtte til, rettsstaten. I hvilken grad har politiske ledere folkets oppslutning når de utfordrer, undergraver eller forsvarer rettsstaten? Hvordan forstår og verdsetter politikere selv rettsstaten? Og i hvilken grad er domstolene innstilt på å følge lovgivere og politiske signaler som står i strid med rettsstatsprinsippene?

PublicJustice vil zoome inn på Norge og gjennomføre omfattende empiriske studier av hvordan rettsstaten oppfattes og anvendes i den lovgivende og dømmende makt, og hvordan befolkningen i Norge oppfatter og verdsetter rettsstaten.

Prosjektet studerer på en unik måte forståelsen av – og støtten til – rettsstatsverdier både innenfor den norske stat og i den norske befolkningen, og undersøker forholdet mellom disse. En slik analyse er viktig i lys av det demokratiske prinsippet om at loven og dens anvendelse bør gjenspeile folkelige normer og verdier. Analysen vil gi relevant kunnskap for alle demokratier som ønsker å styrke rettsstaten i en krisetid. Et spesialisert, tverrfaglig forskerteam vil gjennomføre arbeidet ved hjelp av et ambisiøst mixed-methods-design som vil gi oss forskning om lovgivningen, rettsvesenet og allmennheten, med over 5000 respondenter i Norge.

We currently find ourselves in the middle of a global rule of law crisis. Basic rule of law principles, often taken for granted in democratic countries, are increasingly questioned and to some extent abandoned. This is the case not only in distant autocracies but also in European democracies. Unfortunately, we know little about the possible public discontent with, or support for, the rule of law. To what degree do political leaders have public backing when they challenge, undermine or defend the rule of law? How do politicians themselves understand and value the rule of law? And to what degree are judiciaries prepared to follow legislators and political cues that oppose rule of law principles? PublicJustice aims to remedy this situation by producing a significant body of quantitative and qualitative empirical data on: a) How the rule of law is perceived, interpreted and applied within the legislative and judicial branches of the Norwegian government, and b) How people in Norway perceive and value the rule of law. This means that, uniquely, PublicJustice studies the understanding of, and support for, the rule of law both within the Norwegian Government and the Norwegian public and examines the relationship between these. Such an analysis is important in accordance with the general democratic principle that the law and its application should reflect public norms and values, and it will produce relevant knowledge in all democracies that wants to strengthen the rule of law in a time of crisis. PublicJustice applies a proven methodology from Nordic research on the public sense of justice and combines this with the insights from studies on legal consciousness to study public sentiments with regard to the rule of law. A specialised multidisciplinary team of researchers will undertake this effort by adopting an ambitious mixed methods design that will produce research on the legislature, the judiciary and the public involving 5000+ respondents in Norway.

Rule of Law and the Public Sense of Justice in Norway - International Conventions and National Norms in a Time of Crisis (PublicJustice)

Bare en liten del av DNA blir til enhver tid transkribert og omgjort til fungerende molekyler, eller med andre ord, blir uttrykt. Friske celler har god kontroll over hvilke områder som er uttrykt, men kreftceller mister denne kontrollen så de kan vokse ukontrollert. Interessant nok fører dette til at kreftceller uttrykker et spesifikt molekyl kalt dobbeltrådet RNA. Dobbeltrådet RNA blir vanligvis bare laget av virus, så det er overraskende at dobbeltrådet RNA blir uttrykt fra vårt eget genom. Når dobbeltrådet RNA uttrykkes i kreftceller, kan det oppdages av immunsystemet og aktivere mekanismer som normalt brukes til å drepe celler infisert av virus. Å finne måter å aktivere denne antivirus-responsen i kreftceller er derfor en interessant tilnærming for fremtidig kreftbehandling.

Et problem er at vi ikke har gode verktøy for å måle dobbeltrådet RNA presist. I dette prosjektet vil vi utvikle en ny metode som kan måle dobbeltrådet RNA mer presist enn tidligere. Vi vil bruke metoden til å kartlegge dobbeltrådet RNA i det menneskelige genomet og måle dobbeltrådet RNA direkte i vev fra pasienter med tykktarmskreft og i nærliggende normalt vev. Disse målingene vil lære oss hvordan uttrykket av dobbeltrådet RNA endres når kreft utvikler seg og hvordan det varierer mellom pasientgrupper.

Vi vil også dyrke tarmorganoider fra pasienter for å modellere kreftbiologien. Tarmorganoider er «mini-tarmer». Disse små celleklumpene er dyrket i en gelé og inneholder mange av celletypene som finnes i tarmen, noe som gjør at vi kan studere tarmvevet i et kontrollert miljø. Vi vil derfor bruke organoidene sammen med vår nye metode for å måle dobbeltrådet RNA for å teste om bestemte legemidler kan indusere uttrykk av dobbeltrådet RNA. Sammen med våre målinger av dobbeltrådet RNA i kreftbiopsier vil dette prosjektet gjøre oss i stand til å forstå hvordan dobbeltrådet RNA uttrykkes i kreft, og hvordan vi kan utnytte det for å behandle kreft i fremtiden.

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is a feature of viral replication and can be sensed by innate immune receptors. Interestingly, disruptions in cellular pathways in cancer can lead to induction of endogenous dsRNA from our own genome which can activate innate immune receptors and lead to the death of cancer cells. A major challenge in the field is the lack of precise  methods to measure dsRNA. We are therefore developing a novel method that can measure dsRNA with single molecule resolution and describe its properties. In this project, we will use this method to describe the dsRNA landscape in colorectal cancer. These results will demonstrate a new cutting edge-method to measure dsRNA and provide knowledge for the future therapeutic exploitation of endogenous dsRNA for cancer treatment.

Initially, we will describe regions in the human reference genome that can give endogenous dsRNA. Through collaboration with clinical partners we will also apply our novel method to measure dsRNA in tissue from colorectal cancer patients and adjacent normal tissue. This will be the first precise measurement of endogenous dsRNA in cancer. Based on the in detail dsRNA measurement, we will also develop a simplified dsRNA metric to estimate endogenous dsRNA in public datasets. This will allow us to estimate dsRNA levels as colorectal cancer progresses, variations across colorectal cancer subgroups, and impact of treatment on dsRNA levels. Finally, we have established protocols to grow intestinal organoids derived from colorectal cancer patients. We will treat these intestinal organoids with potential dsRNA inducing drugs to discover novel pathways that can be used to induce endogenous dsRNA. 

As our method is a computational pipeline based upon commercially available reagents, we expect our method to be readily taken up by other researchers in the field. Ultimately, the data from this project will contribute to future development of cancer treatments targeting endogenous dsRNA.

Discovering vulnerabilities in colorectal cancer by measuring double stranded RNA

Generativ AI har gjort det enkelt å produsere overbevisende falske nyheter, deepfakes og målrettede svindelforsøk i stor skala. Dette endrer informasjonslandskapet. Folk blir eksponert for mer villedende innhold, raskere, og ofte i former som er vanskelige å oppdage ved første øyekast. Mye av dagens respons har vært rettet mot deteksjon, altså å avgjøre om noe er laget av AI. Problemet er at dette er et kappløp. Etter hvert som syntetisk innhold blir bedre, blir enkle vurderinger av "AI eller ikke" mindre pålitelige og mindre nyttige i hverdagen.
InfoSHIELD tar utgangspunkt i et praktisk premiss: Beskyttelse mot masseprodusert villedning kan ikke baseres på teknologi alene. Det må også støtte måten mennesker vurderer informasjon på i digitale omgivelser. Prosjektet kombinerer derfor to utfyllende tilnærminger. Den ene handler om å gi bedre grunnlag for å vurdere informasjonen folk møter i det daglige på nett. Den andre retter seg mot de menneskelige ferdighetene som trengs for å navigere i dette landskapet.
På den digitale siden utvikles verktøy som flytter oppmerksomheten bort fra å gjette hvem som har laget innholdet, og over til å gjenkjenne hvordan det forsøker å påvirke. Spørsmålet blir: Hva prøver dette budskapet å få meg til å gjøre? Villedende innhold følger ofte kjente mønstre, som å spille på sterke følelser, skape kunstig tidspress eller presentere bare én side av saken. Når slike signaler synliggjøres, får folk bedre mulighet til å stoppe opp, tenke og sjekke før de deler eller handler.
Samtidig tar infoSHIELD høyde for at folk er sårbare på ulike måter. Noen påvirkes mer av emosjonelt språk, andre av sosial bekreftelse, autoritet eller gjentakelse. Prosjektet fokuserer på å forstå disse forskjellene og bruke dem til å utforme målrettet og praktisk opplæring.
InfoSHIELD handler om å bygge et realistisk forsvar mot digital manipulering, der teknologiske løsninger kombineres med bedre støtte for menneskelig dømmekraft.

The growing sophistication of AI-generated disinformation presents an urgent challenge to democratic societies, and individual wellbeing. It also poses challenges regarding Digital Security and sovereignty. This project addresses that challenge by developing an integrated toolkit to understand, measure, and strengthen people’s cognitive defences against manipulative digital content. Our goal is not simply to detect falsehoods after the fact, but to proactively build the mental resilience that enables users to question, reflect, and resist manipulation in real time.

The project brings together psychology, neuroscience, human-computer interaction, and education to develop four main components: (1) a scientifically validated psychometric test (CRAID) that identifies individuals’ strengths and vulnerabilities in resisting disinformation; (2) personalised digital literacy interventions tailored to different cognitive profiles; (3) real-time technological tools that help users detect misleading content while browsing; and (4) an integrated framework that combines these elements and evaluates their effectiveness through experimental simulations.
The project addresses key challenges: identifying the cognitive traits that predict vulnerability to AI-driven manipulation, developing interventions that lead to real behavioural change, and creating technology that augment, not overrides, human judgement. It focuses in particular on adolescents and other at-risk groups, whose neurodevelopment makes them especially exposed in fast-paced digital environments.

Combining pressing applied goals directly serving the society, together with fundamental research, the project offers both practical tools and the potential for scientific breakthroughs. The project also contributes new methods for measuring cognitive resilience, tests personalised interventions at scale, and explores how psychology and technology can work together to strengthen democratic information systems.

Technology-Enhanced Cognitive Resilience Toolkit for Disinformation Detection, Vulnerability Profiling, and Digital User Empowerment

Proglacial lake impacts on the export of Organic carbon and Nutrients to Downstream ecosystems

Glacier retreat is accelerating in response to climate warming, leading to an increase in the number and total area of proglacial lakes globally. Proglacial lakes have the potential to modulate glacial runoff via sediment immobilization and in-lake biogeochemical cycling, with implications for the productivity and biodiversity of valuable downstream ecosystems. However, a quantitative understanding of the impact of proglacial lake modulation on the export of glacier-derived suspended sediment (SS), nutrients and organic carbon (OC) is currently lacking. POND will fill this critical knowledge gap by quantifying relationships between proglacial lake physical characteristics and changes in riverine fluxes of SS, nutrients and OC in rapidly deglaciating landscapes in Norway using a combination of remote sensing, field sampling, and biogeochemical analyses. Results will be used to inform a novel and globally relevant conceptual model of proglacial lakes as 'biogeochemical modulators' of glacial runoff. POND will be hosted at UiT the Arctic University of Norway, facilitating unrivaled low-carbon impact access to Arctic and temperate glacial field sites. This highly interdisciplinary project unites my track record in glacial dissolved organic matter chemistry with UiT's expertise in glacier biogeochemical cycling and landscape evolution at regional to global sales. A secondment at the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate will facilitate access to glacier and glacial lake inventories, supporting my training in the use of remote sensing and ensuring close collaboration with a water resource management stakeholder with direct interest in POND research findings. POND's unprecedented quantitative evaluation and conceptual model of the biogeochemical impacts of proglacial lake growth on SS, nutrient and OC export to downstream ecosystems will inform future ecosystem management and policy in glacially-influenced mountain regions worldwide. 

Beyond classical devices, functional material, such as ferroic materials, hold great promise for future nanoelectronic device concepts, enabling faster, smarter and more energy efficient computation. This new generation of materials develops in the direction of increased system complexity, and often involves complex 3D structures at the nanoscale with atomically sharp interfaces. The progress is catalyzed by the ability to resolve their properties at the relevant length scales, an increasingly difficult task.  As an MSCA fellow, Dr. Kasper Hunnestad will integrate migration, an existing computational method in geophysics, to conductive atomic force miscopy (cAFM). cAFM is typically limited to surface conductance measurements, whereas migration is a powerful technique employed for converting surface acquisitions of seismic data to subsurface 3D images. With Dr. Hunnestad’s background in both material science and geophysics, he can effectively develop this multidisciplinary method and exploit it to reveal 3D transport properties of exotic topological states in functional oxides.  To begin the research, a two-year research stay at the University of Canterbury will enable two primary objectives: i)	Develop the computational method migration for cAFM purposes ii)	Perform experiments on materials hosting exotic topological states with technological potential.  In the return phase at the University of Oslo, the technique will be benchmarked against established electrical characterization techniques, leading to the final objective: iii)	Correlate quantitative electrical measurements to the cAFM data  The research will pave the way for future investigations of 3D systems, largely expanding other researchers capabilities to understand their materials. Furthermore, it will strengthen Dr. Hunnestad’s network and competence, bringing him in contact with experts in the relevant scientific disciplines: ferroic materials, computational methods and electrical characterization.

3D Imaging of Conductance Networks at the Nanoscale

Impacts of ocean oxygen loss on zooplankton behavior and the carbon cycle

The oceans are losing oxygen due to climate change. Among the largest impacts of oxygen loss may be in altering the behavior of zooplankton, the small animals that play a central role in marine ecosystems: as prey, predators, and carbon-flux mediators. The expansion of low-oxygen zones in deep waters may decrease the depth to which zooplankton migrate on a daily and seasonal basis. This change in their migratory behavior would impact the foraging success of their predators as well as reduce the ability of zooplankton to export carbon out of surface waters. O2ZOOM examines how the migratory behavior of krill, a key zooplankton species, is modified by low oxygen in a fjord habitat, and the ramifications for the global carbon pump, through a combination of novel acoustic observations, incubation experiments, and computational models. In O2ZOOM, I will 1) Investigate behavioral changes in krill in response to low oxygen through laboratory incubation experiments 2) Determine the migratory response of krill to low oxygen in a Norwegian fjord using novel acoustic techniques 3) Quantify the effect of low oxygen-induced behavioral changes in krill on carbon export in an individual-based model. O2ZOOM will produce a nuanced picture of the behavioral responses of krill to low oxygen, which would help disentangle the still-unquantified consequences of low oxygen for ecologically important fjord ecosystems, deep-ocean habitats, and, more broadly, the global carbon pump. Furthermore, through O2ZOOM, I will further develop my technical expertise (e.g. in acoustic tracking, advanced modeling, biogeochemistry analysis), expand my scientific network, and increase the impact of my research, steering my career towards answering big-picture questions on the cutting-edge of interdisciplinary ecology.

Towards Matching Bounds for Large Deviations

The proposed project considers the problem of finding matching bounds for dynamical large deviations of natural models in statistical physics and fluid mechanics. In a random system with a deterministic limit, dynamical large deviations describe the exponential decay of probability that the system is close to a trajectory different from the deterministic limit; classic works by Kipnis- Olla-Varadhan and Kipnis-Landim study such bounds. However, in many interesting cases, the available upper and lower bounds only agree when restricted to sufficiently regular trajectories.  Recent developments give the problem of investigating the matching bounds new momentum. On the positive side, Fehrman-Gess reached an important milestone in matching bounds for hydrodynamic limits by analysis of a PDE, and proved matching bounds for a family of SPDEs related to hydrodynamic limits. On the negative side, my previous work identified a case where the naïve bound is not sharp, related the existence of spurious solutions violating the energy identity. We will capitalise on these recent developments to identify cases where the expected rate function does, and does not, capture all interesting phenomena.  The project will be divided into two parts, taking these recent developments as a jumping off point. The first part will concern two examples where we expect to find matching bounds, while the second part investigates (anticipated) deviations from the classical theory. In WP1, we will investigate wide-reaching generalisations of Fehrman-Gess theory, in WP1a to the more challenging case of systems of equations, and in WP1b to rougher scaling regimes via the renormalisation group. In WP2, we will investigate one model which connects the existing counterexample to the derivation of turbulence from molecular dynamics, and another model in which we hypothesise that the violation of a key technical estimate leads to behaviour different from what is predicted in the literature.

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FRIPROSJEKT-FRIPROSJEKT

Intensionality and Forcing: A New Model-Theoretic Synthesis

Tildelt: kr 6,9 mill.

Prosjektperiode: 2026-2030

Sted: Oslo - Oslove

MSCA-Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA)

Democracies in the Climate Crisis: Redefining Citizenship and Statehood in Sinking States

Tildelt: kr 2,9 mill.

Prosjektperiode: 2026-2028

Sted: Oslo - Oslove

MSCA-Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA)

Using seed functional traits to understand and predict alpine plant responses to global climate change

Tildelt: kr 2,9 mill.

Prosjektperiode: 2026-2028

Sted: Vestland

FRIPROSJEKT-FRIPROSJEKT

Rule of Law and the Public Sense of Justice in Norway - International Conventions and National Norms in a Time of Crisis (PublicJustice)

Tildelt: kr 12,0 mill.

Prosjektperiode: 2026-2030

Sted: Oslo - Oslove

FRIPROSJEKT-FRIPROSJEKT

Discovering vulnerabilities in colorectal cancer by measuring double stranded RNA

Tildelt: kr 10,0 mill.

Prosjektperiode: 2026-2030

Sted: Oslo - Oslove